Diving into the world of ultrasonic sensors can be both exciting and challenging, especially when confronted with numerous technical terms and jargon. This comprehensive guide is here to help students, engineers, and managers navigate the complexities of ultrasonic sensor technology with ease.
Our goal is to present these terminologies in a simple, easy-to-understand language that will make this fascinating technology accessible to everyone. By the end of this guide, you’ll have a solid foundation in ultrasonic sensor concepts and a better understanding of how these devices work in various applications. So, let’s get started and demystify the world of ultrasonic sensors together!
0
0 mA-20 mA Output
A 0 mA-20 mA output is a type of analog current output used in various electronic devices, including ultrasonic sensors. In this configuration, the sensor sends an electrical current that varies linearly between 0 milliamperes (mA) and 20 milliamperes (mA) to represent the measured value (such as distance or object presence) within the sensor’s specified sensing range.
The 0 mA-20 mA output is commonly used in industrial applications because it is less susceptible to noise and interference compared to voltage-based outputs (e.g., 0V-10V output). Additionally, it can transmit signals over long distances without significant signal degradation.
0V-10V Output
A 0V-10V output is a type of analog voltage output used in various electronic devices, including ultrasonic sensors. In this configuration, the sensor sends an electrical voltage that varies linearly between 0 volts (V) and 10 volts (V) to represent the measured value (such as distance or object presence) within the sensor’s specified sensing range.
The 0V-10V output is commonly used in industrial and commercial applications for its simplicity and ease of integration with various electronic systems. However, it may be more susceptible to noise and interference compared to current-based outputs (e.g., 4 mA-20 mA output), especially over long distances or in electrically noisy environments.
1
1 x NPN Output
A 1 x NPN output refers to a single NPN transistor output used in various electronic devices, including ultrasonic sensors. NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) transistors are a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that are commonly used as electronic switches or signal amplifiers in digital and analog circuits.
In the context of ultrasonic sensors, a 1 x NPN output means that the sensor has one NPN transistor output for communicating the sensor’s measurement or detection status to other electronic devices or control systems. When the sensor detects an object or a certain condition is met (e.g., distance threshold), the NPN transistor output is activated or “switched on,” allowing current to flow from the collector to the emitter. Conversely, when the condition is not met, the NPN transistor output is “switched off,” and no current flows through it.
1 x PNP Output
A 1 x PNP output refers to a single PNP transistor output used in various electronic devices, including ultrasonic sensors. PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) transistors are a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that are commonly used as electronic switches or signal amplifiers in digital and analog circuits.
In the context of ultrasonic sensors, a 1 x PNP output means that the sensor has one PNP transistor output for communicating the sensor’s measurement or detection status to other electronic devices or control systems. When the sensor detects an object or a certain condition is met (e.g., distance threshold), the PNP transistor output is activated or “switched on,” allowing current to flow from the emitter to the collector. Conversely, when the condition is not met, the PNP transistor output is “switched off,” and no current flows through it.
2
2 x NPN Output
A 2 x NPN output refers to a configuration with two NPN transistor outputs used in various electronic devices, including ultrasonic sensors. NPN (Negative-Positive-Negative) transistors are a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used as electronic switches or signal amplifiers in digital and analog circuits.
With a 2 x NPN output, the ultrasonic sensor features two independent NPN transistor outputs for communicating different sensor measurements or detection statuses to other electronic devices or control systems. This configuration allows for more complex control schemes, such as dual setpoints or simultaneous monitoring of multiple sensor parameters.
2 x PNP Output
A 2 x PNP output refers to a configuration with two PNP transistor outputs used in various electronic devices, such as ultrasonic sensors. PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) transistors are another type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used as electronic switches or signal amplifiers in digital and analog circuits.
With a 2 x PNP output, the ultrasonic sensor features two independent PNP transistor outputs for communicating different sensor measurements or detection statuses to other electronic devices or control systems. Similar to the 2 x NPN output, this configuration allows for more complex control schemes, such as dual setpoints or simultaneous monitoring of multiple sensor parameters.
4
4 mA-20 mA Output
4 mA-20 mA output is an analog current output used in ultrasonic sensors, where the current varies between 4 milliamperes (mA) and 20 mA, representing measured values within the sensor’s range. Commonly used in industrial applications, 4 mA-20 mA outputs are less susceptible to noise and interference than voltage-based outputs.
The 4 mA lower limit helps detect sensor faults or signal loss, while the current output is processed by control systems or electronic devices to take appropriate actions based on the received data.
A
Ambient Temperature
Ambient temperature refers to the surrounding temperature in which an electronic device, such as an ultrasonic sensor, operates. It is crucial to consider ambient temperature when selecting and installing sensors because it can impact the sensor’s performance, accuracy, and longevity. Ultrasonic sensors are designed to work within a specified temperature range, ensuring reliable and consistent measurements in various environments. Exceeding the recommended temperature range may lead to measurement errors, reduced sensor lifespan, or even permanent damage to the sensor.
Amplifier
An amplifier is an electronic component or circuit that increases the amplitude of a signal, such as voltage or current, without changing its other characteristics. In the context of ultrasonic sensors, an amplifier is often used to boost the weak signals received by the sensor’s transducer after reflecting off a target object. Amplifying the received signal makes it easier to process and analyze, improving the sensor’s accuracy and reliability. Amplifiers are essential components in many electronic systems, including ultrasonic sensing applications, for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and ensuring accurate signal detection and processing.
Analog Output
Analog output is a continuous electrical signal used by electronic devices, like ultrasonic sensors, to represent measured values or parameters. Unlike digital outputs with discrete values, analog outputs provide more precise measurements. Ultrasonic sensors use analog outputs such as voltage-based (0V-10V) or current-based (4 mA-20 mA) formats, processed by control systems or electronic devices for appropriate actions. Analog outputs offer precision in continuous measurement applications but may be more susceptible to noise and interference compared to digital outputs.
C
CANopen Interface
CANopen is a communication protocol based on the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. It is used in industrial automation applications for devices such as sensors, actuators, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to communicate with each other. The CANopen protocol allows for efficient and reliable communication between devices by defining message structures and communication services. It also provides network management and device configuration features. CANopen is widely used in industrial automation systems and is supported by many manufacturers.
Devices with a CANopen interface can easily be integrated into a CANopen network, allowing for easy communication and control. This interface can be built-in to devices or added through a separate module. CANopen devices can be configured and controlled through software, allowing for easy customization and integration into larger systems.
CCC Approval
CCC stands for China Compulsory Certification, which is a mandatory certification system in China. It is also known as the China CCC or 3C certification system. The CCC mark is required for many products sold in China, including electronic and electrical products. The CCC approval process involves testing and evaluation of products to ensure they meet safety, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and environmental protection requirements.
Products that require CCC certification must be tested by an approved testing laboratory in China, and manufacturers must obtain certification from the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS). The CCC mark must be displayed on the product and the packaging to show that it has been certified.
Connector Plug M12
Connector Plug M12 is a circular electrical connector used in industrial automation applications. It has a diameter of 12 millimeters and is designed to provide a secure, reliable, and watertight connection between sensors, actuators, and control devices. Connector Plug M12 comes in different variants, including male and female connectors, straight or angled, and with various pin configurations. It is commonly used in harsh industrial environments that require protection against dust, water, and other contaminants.
CSA Approval
CSA stands for Canadian Standards Association. It is a certification mark used in Canada to indicate that a product has been certified to meet applicable Canadian standards for safety and performance. The CSA mark is widely recognized in Canada and is often a requirement for products sold in the Canadian market. It indicates that the product has been tested and meets the applicable standards for safety, quality, and environmental impact.
D
Dead zone
Dead zone is a term used in ultrasonic sensing that refers to the range of distances from the sensor in which objects cannot be accurately detected. It is also known as the blind zone or minimum range. This is due to the limited range of the ultrasonic waves and the time it takes for them to return to the sensor.
The dead zone can vary depending on the type of ultrasonic sensor and its specifications, but it is typically a few centimeters to a few meters. It is important to consider the dead zone when selecting an ultrasonic sensor for a particular application to ensure that it can accurately detect objects at the required distances.
Degree of Protection
Degree of protection (often abbreviated as IP rating) refers to a standardized system of rating the degree of protection provided by an enclosure against the intrusion of solid objects, dust, water, and accidental contact. It is important in determining the suitability of a device for use in a particular environment.
The IP rating consists of two digits, with the first digit indicating the level of protection against solids and the second digit indicating the level of protection against liquids. For example, an IP67 rating means the device is dust-tight and can be submerged in water up to 1 meter deep for 30 minutes without damage.
Double Sheet Ultrasonic Sensors
Double sheet ultrasonic sensors are used to detect double layers or overlapping materials in production processes. They are designed to prevent jams or damage to machinery caused by multiple sheets passing through at the same time. Double sheet ultrasonic sensors use ultrasonic technology to detect the thickness of the material passing through and can differentiate between a single layer and double layer. They are commonly used in the printing, packaging, and textile industries.
E
E1 Type Approval
E1 type approval is a certification granted by the European Union to certain products indicating that they meet the requirements of the EU Directive 2007/46/EC. This type of approval is specific to motor vehicles and their components, and it certifies that the product meets the necessary technical and safety requirements for use on public roads in the EU. E1 type approval is granted by designated technical services that are authorized by EU member states.
Echo
In ultrasonic sensors, an echo refers to the reflected sound waves that return to the sensor after hitting a target. The sensor emits high-frequency sound waves which travel through the air until they hit an object.
Some of these sound waves are reflected back towards the sensor, and the sensor measures the time taken for the sound waves to return. This time measurement is used to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object. The reflected sound waves are commonly referred to as echoes.
F
Fixed Cable
A fixed cable refers to a cable that is permanently attached to a device or equipment and cannot be removed or replaced. In the context of ultrasonic sensors, some models may come with a fixed cable for connecting the sensor to a controller or power source. The length of the cable may vary depending on the model and application requirements.
Fixed Cable with AMP Connector
Fixed Cable with AMP Connector refers to an ultrasonic sensor that has a pre-attached cable terminated with an AMP connector. The AMP connector is a type of electrical connector commonly used in industrial applications. Having a fixed cable with an AMP connector can simplify installation and ensure a secure connection between the sensor and the control system.
Fixed Cable with Deutsch Connector
Fixed Cable with Deutsch Connector refers to an ultrasonic sensor that comes with a fixed cable having a Deutsch Connector. Deutsch connectors are a type of electrical connector widely used in harsh environments such as automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications. They provide a secure and reliable connection even in high-vibration and high-moisture environments. Ultrasonic sensors with fixed cables and Deutsch connectors are commonly used in applications where a robust and dependable connection is necessary.
Fixed Cable with Plug M12
Fixed Cable with Plug M12 refers to an ultrasonic sensor with a cable that is permanently attached to the sensor body and has an M12 connector at the end. The M12 connector is a standardized connector used in industrial automation for connecting sensors and actuators to control systems.
The fixed cable with M12 connector provides a reliable and secure connection between the sensor and the control system. It is commonly used in applications where the sensor needs to be mounted in a fixed position and the cable length is predetermined.
Fixed Cable with Plug M8
Fixed Cable with Plug M8 is a type of ultrasonic sensor cable that has a male M8 connector at one end and a free wire at the other end for connection to a controller or terminal block. It is commonly used in industrial automation applications where a fixed connection is required, such as in manufacturing or production lines. The M8 connector is compact and offers a secure connection, while the fixed cable provides added durability and protection against wear and tear.
Frequency Output
Frequency output refers to a type of output signal provided by an ultrasonic sensor that represents the frequency of the detected sound waves. This output is commonly used in applications where precise distance or level measurements are required, such as in tank level monitoring, distance measurement, and flow control. The frequency output is usually provided in hertz (Hz) or kilohertz (kHz) and can be used to calculate the distance to the object or measure the rate of flow.
H
High level
High level” in the context of ultrasonic sensors refers to the output signal level when the sensor detects the presence of a target object within its sensing range. It is one of the input types that can be used to interface the sensor with other electronic devices, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC). In high-level mode, the sensor’s output signal is typically a digital signal, such as a PNP or NPN signal, that corresponds to the presence or absence of the target object.
High-level output can be used in a variety of applications, such as detecting the presence of objects on a conveyor belt, monitoring the level of liquids in a tank, or detecting the position of objects in a manufacturing process.
Housing Diameter
Housing diameter refers to the size of the outer casing of the ultrasonic sensor, which can vary depending on the specific model and application. It is an important factor to consider when selecting a sensor, as the housing diameter can impact the sensor’s sensing range, sensitivity, and mounting options.
Smaller housing diameters are typically used for applications where space is limited, while larger housing diameters may be preferred for applications where increased sensing range or durability is required. It is important to select the appropriate housing diameter for a given application to ensure optimal performance and reliability of the ultrasonic sensor.
I
Input Impedance
Input impedance refers to the electrical resistance presented by an input circuit to the signal source connected to it. It is an important parameter for determining the quality and accuracy of signal transmission between the sensor and the electronic system.
A low input impedance sensor may cause signal attenuation and loss, while a high input impedance sensor may produce noise and signal distortion. The input impedance of an ultrasonic sensor depends on the design and construction of the transducer and can vary based on factors such as the material and geometry of the transducer, as well as the frequency of the ultrasonic waves used.
Input type
Input type refers to the type of signal that the ultrasonic sensor can accept as input, which can be either digital or analog. Digital input refers to a binary signal (on/off) and is typically used for simple presence detection applications.
Analog input, on the other hand, can measure the intensity of the signal and is used for applications that require more precise measurements, such as distance measurement. The type of input needed for an application depends on the requirements of the system and the desired level of accuracy. Most ultrasonic sensors come with different types of input options to suit various applications.
Installation Position
The installation position of an ultrasonic sensor is an important consideration for its proper functioning. The sensor should be installed in a position that allows it to have an unobstructed view of the target surface. The position should also be chosen in a way that reduces the likelihood of the sensor being damaged by external factors such as impact, vibration or moisture.
The installation position can affect the accuracy of the sensor’s measurement, so it is important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations and choose a position that minimizes any potential errors. For example, in level measurement applications, the sensor should be installed vertically with the transducer facing downwards towards the liquid surface.
IO Link Interface
IO-Link is a digital communication protocol used to connect sensors and actuators to an automation system. It is a point-to-point communication protocol that allows devices to exchange data, parameters, and diagnostics in real-time. The IO-Link interface provides many benefits, including simplified wiring, remote configuration, and monitoring of devices, and increased data availability.
It allows for easy integration of devices into existing automation systems and reduces installation time. IO-Link is becoming increasingly popular in industrial automation applications, as it enables smarter factories and more efficient manufacturing processes. It offers a standardized communication method, making it easier for engineers, managers, and operators to implement and maintain automation systems.
L
LoRAWAN Interface
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a wireless communication protocol that enables long-range, low-power communication between IoT (Internet of Things) devices. It is designed for devices that need to send small amounts of data over long distances, such as ultrasonic sensors. The LoRaWAN interface allows ultrasonic sensors to be integrated into a wider network of IoT devices, enabling remote monitoring and control.
It uses unlicensed radio frequency bands to provide low power, low bandwidth connectivity for IoT devices. With the LoRaWAN interface, ultrasonic sensors can be used in applications such as smart cities, agriculture, and industrial automation, where long-range communication is essential.
Low level
In the context of ultrasonic sensors, “low level” refers to the voltage level of the sensor’s input signal when it is in a deactivated or non-detection state. This means that when the sensor is not detecting an object within its sensing range, its output signal is in a low-level state.
When the sensor detects an object, the output signal switches to a high-level state. The low-level state is typically close to the ground voltage or zero volts. This type of signal can be useful for triggering other electronic components or devices to start or stop their respective functions.
M
M8 Connector Plugs
M8 connector plugs are commonly used in industrial automation for connecting sensors and actuators. They have a small form factor and can support multiple wires, making them suitable for use in tight spaces. M8 connector plugs are often used in applications that require high reliability and resistance to vibration, such as robotics and manufacturing equipment. They are available in both male and female versions, and can be used with various cable types and lengths.
Material Housing
The material of the housing is an important consideration when selecting an ultrasonic sensor. The housing should be made of a durable and robust material that can withstand harsh environmental conditions and protect the internal components of the sensor. Common materials used for housing ultrasonic sensors include plastic, stainless steel, and aluminum. Plastic housings are lightweight and corrosion-resistant, making them suitable for applications where weight is a concern, and the environment is not overly harsh.
Stainless steel and aluminum housings are more durable and provide better protection against harsh environmental conditions but may be heavier and more expensive. The choice of material should be based on the specific application requirements and the operating conditions of the sensor.
N
NPN Output
NPN output is a type of output used in ultrasonic sensors to indicate the presence or absence of an object. NPN output signals are negative with respect to ground or the reference voltage. This type of output is often used in applications where a device needs to sink current to the output device to turn it on.
In an ultrasonic sensor, the NPN output can be used to trigger an alarm or control the motion of a device when an object is detected within a certain range. The NPN output can be used with various devices such as PLCs, relays, and motors. The NPN output is commonly used in industrial automation applications for sensing and control purposes.
O
Operating Voltage
Operating voltage refers to the voltage range required for the proper functioning of an electronic device, including ultrasonic sensors. It is usually specified by the manufacturer and is an important parameter to consider when selecting an ultrasonic sensor for a particular application. The operating voltage range can be AC or DC, and it may vary depending on the sensor model and type.
It is crucial to provide the right voltage to the sensor, as exceeding the maximum or minimum voltage limits can damage the sensor or affect its performance. It is recommended to refer to the manufacturer’s specifications for the operating voltage range and ensure that the power supply is within the specified range for optimal sensor operation.
OSSD Output
OSSD stands for Output Signal Switching Device. It is a safety output signal used in machine guarding applications to switch off a safety device, such as a light curtain or safety mat, when a safety hazard is detected. OSSD outputs are typically used to control safety relays or safety controllers. They are designed to provide a safe, reliable, and fast response to safety-related events. OSSD outputs can be configured as PNP or NPN type, and the output voltage and current can vary depending on the specific sensor or safety device.
Output Type
Output type refers to the type of signal that the ultrasonic sensor produces. There are different types of output signals, including switch output, analog output, pulse output, frequency output, and more.
A switch output is a simple on/off signal that is triggered when the sensor detects an object within its sensing range. An analog output provides a continuous signal that varies depending on the distance between the sensor and the object being detected. Pulse and frequency outputs provide information about the speed or movement of the object being detected.
The choice of output type depends on the specific application and the information required by the user. Switch outputs are typically used for simple presence detection, while analog outputs are used for distance measurement and more complex applications.
P
PL d Safety Function
PL d is a safety rating that ensures that safety-related control systems provide a certain level of safety. It is a measure of the reliability and performance of a safety-related control system, with PL d being one of the higher safety levels. The PL d safety function is a safety feature that ensures that a system will operate in a safe and controlled manner.
The PL d safety function could include features such as monitoring the sensing range to ensure that objects are detected in a timely manner, or monitoring the output signal to ensure that it is within a safe range. The PL d safety function is essential in applications where safety is critical, such as in manufacturing plants, where it can prevent accidents and injuries.
PNP Output
PNP output is a type of digital output signal used in industrial automation and control systems. PNP stands for Positive-Negative-Positive, and it is a type of output signal that operates by switching a high-side load to the positive voltage supply.
In other words, when the PNP output is activated, it connects the load to the positive supply, and when it is not activated, the load is disconnected. PNP output signals are often used to control devices such as solenoids, motors, and relays in industrial control applications. They are commonly used in conjunction with NPN output signals to provide complete digital output control.
PNP/NPN Output
PNP/NPN Output refers to the type of output signal that an ultrasonic sensor provides. PNP stands for “positive-negative-positive” and NPN stands for “negative-positive-negative”.
In simple terms, PNP outputs provide a positive voltage when activated, while NPN outputs provide a negative voltage. The type of output signal required depends on the application and the equipment being controlled.
Some ultrasonic sensors come with PNP/NPN switching capability, allowing the user to choose the type of output signal that is most suitable for their application.
Pulse length
Pulse length refers to the duration of the ultrasonic wave pulse that is emitted by the sensor. It is the time between the start of the pulse and the end of the pulse. The pulse length can be adjusted according to the application requirements. In general, a longer pulse length is used for longer sensing ranges, while a shorter pulse length is used for shorter sensing ranges.
The pulse length is an important parameter as it affects the accuracy and resolution of the sensor. A longer pulse length provides better accuracy but lower resolution, while a shorter pulse length provides higher resolution but lower accuracy. The pulse length is usually expressed in microseconds (μs) or milliseconds (ms).
Pulse Output
Pulse output refers to the type of output signal that provides a series of pulse signals, which can be used for various purposes such as speed detection, distance measurement, and flow measurement. In the case of ultrasonic sensors, pulse output signals are typically used to measure the time-of-flight of ultrasonic waves.
The pulse length refers to the duration of the pulse signal, which can vary depending on the application requirements. The frequency of the pulse output can also be adjusted to suit the needs of the specific application. Pulse output is a common feature in many types of sensors and measurement devices, and is used in a wide range of industries such as automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing.
Pulse-width Modulation
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a technique used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring significant losses. It works by rapidly switching a signal between two states at a variable duty cycle, where the duty cycle is the ratio of the signal’s high time to its total period. By adjusting the duty cycle, the average power delivered to the load can be controlled.
PWM is widely used in electronic systems, including ultrasonic sensors, motor control, and power electronics. In ultrasonic sensors, PWM is used to modulate the output signal to drive the transducer, which emits ultrasonic waves, and then receive the echoes reflected by targets to determine the distance or presence of objects.
Push Pull Output
Push-pull output is a type of output signal configuration in which the load is connected between the output and the power supply. The output signal switches between two voltage levels, such as 0V and the supply voltage, and can sink and source current.
This configuration is commonly used in sensors and control devices to provide a digital output signal to a controller or other devices. In ultrasonic sensors, push-pull outputs are used to indicate the presence or absence of an object within the sensor’s sensing range. Push-pull outputs are typically more robust and offer better noise immunity than other output configurations.
R
Receiver
The receiver is the part that receives the ultrasonic waves that are reflected back from the target object. The receiver converts the received ultrasonic waves into an electrical signal that is then processed by the sensor’s circuitry.
The strength and time delay of the received signal are used to determine the distance between the sensor and the target object. The sensitivity and frequency response of the receiver are critical factors that determine the sensor’s overall performance, as they affect the accuracy and range of the sensor. A high-quality receiver can effectively filter out noise and interference, resulting in more reliable and accurate distance measurements.
RED Approvals
RED (Radio Equipment Directive) is a European Union (EU) directive that regulates the placing on the market of radio equipment. RED approval is a mandatory certification for radio equipment sold in the European Economic Area (EEA). The directive defines essential requirements for safety and health, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and efficient use of the radio spectrum.
Devices covered by the directive include mobile phones, radio transmitters, wireless devices, Bluetooth and WiFi devices, and other radio equipment. RED approval ensures that radio equipment sold in the EEA meets the essential requirements, is safe and will not interfere with other radio equipment or services.
Relay Contact Output
Relay contact output is a type of output in ultrasonic sensors that use an electromechanical relay to switch a circuit on or off. It is used to control the current flow in a circuit and can be used to turn on or off an electrical device or signal.
Relay contact output is commonly used in applications that require high power and high voltage switching, such as in industrial automation, automotive, and building automation. This type of output is often preferred for its reliability and durability, as it can handle high currents and voltages without damage. It is also easy to install and operate, making it a popular choice for various applications.
Response Delay
Response delay refers to the time it takes for an ultrasonic sensor to detect an object and provide a signal indicating its presence. It is the time elapsed between the transmission of an ultrasonic pulse and the reception of its echo.
The response delay is influenced by various factors such as the sensing range, the target’s size, shape, and material, the operating voltage, and the transducer frequency. A shorter response delay can be desirable in some applications where high-speed object detection is necessary, while a longer response delay may be acceptable in other applications where accuracy is more important than speed.
S
Sensing Range
Sensing range is the maximum distance that an ultrasonic sensor can detect an object or target. It is an important parameter that defines the field of detection and should be carefully considered during sensor selection. Sensing range can vary based on factors such as transducer frequency, target material, ambient temperature, and humidity.
It is typically specified in millimeters or inches and may vary for different models of ultrasonic sensors. In applications where sensing range is critical, it is important to choose a sensor with the appropriate range and to consider environmental factors that may affect its performance.
Shock Resistance
Shock resistance refers to the ability of an ultrasonic sensor to withstand mechanical shocks and impacts without affecting its performance. It is an important consideration in applications where the sensor may be exposed to vibration or impact, such as in industrial settings or automotive applications.
Ultrasonic sensors with high shock resistance can operate in challenging environments without experiencing damage or failure. Factors that contribute to shock resistance include the sensor’s housing material, internal components, and design features such as shock mounts or protective coatings.
Signal Processing
Signal processing in the context of ultrasonic sensors refers to the way in which the signal from the transducer is processed to extract information about the target being sensed. The received signal is usually very weak, noisy, and may contain interference from other sources.
Signal processing techniques are used to amplify, filter, and extract the useful information from the received signal. These techniques can include time-gating, frequency analysis, digital signal processing algorithms, and more. The processed signal is then used to determine the distance or presence of a target object. Accurate and reliable signal processing is crucial for the proper functioning of ultrasonic sensors and their successful implementation in various applications.
Storage Temperature
Storage temperature refers to the range of temperature at which an ultrasonic sensor can be safely stored without causing any damage to the internal components. This is a critical parameter, as storing the sensor at a temperature outside the specified range can cause degradation of the components or complete failure of the sensor.
The storage temperature range is usually specified by the manufacturer in the product datasheet or user manual. It is important to ensure that the sensor is stored within the specified temperature range to maintain its performance and reliability. In addition, extreme temperature conditions during storage can also cause damage to the packaging and affect the sensor’s protection against external elements.
Switch Output
A switch output refers to the type of output signal generated by an ultrasonic sensor. This output is usually a digital signal that is either ON or OFF, and it changes depending on the presence or absence of an object in the sensor’s detection range.
When an object is detected, the output signal switches from OFF to ON, and when the object moves out of range, the signal switches back to OFF. Switch output signals are commonly used in applications such as object detection, level control, and positioning systems.
Switching Frequency
Switching frequency refers to the number of times a switch or relay opens and closes in one second. In the context of ultrasonic sensors, switching frequency refers to the frequency at which the output signal switches between high and low states based on the detection of an object within the sensing range. The switching frequency of an ultrasonic sensor can affect its accuracy and response time, as well as its ability to detect moving objects or objects with irregular shapes.
Generally, higher switching frequencies provide faster response times but may result in reduced accuracy, while lower switching frequencies offer better accuracy but slower response times. The appropriate switching frequency for a given application depends on the specific requirements and conditions of that application.
Switching State
Switching state refers to the output state of an ultrasonic sensor’s switch output, which changes based on the presence or absence of a detected object within the sensor’s sensing range. When an object is detected, the switching state changes to the “on” state, and when there is no object detected, the switching state changes to the “off” state.
This switching state can be used to trigger other devices or processes, such as starting or stopping a conveyor belt or activating an alarm. The switching frequency and pulse length can also be adjusted to fine-tune the sensor’s response to specific applications.
T
Target Plate
A target plate is a flat surface made of a reflective material placed in the sensing range of an ultrasonic sensor. The sensor emits ultrasonic waves, which reflect off the target plate and are received by the sensor’s transducer. By measuring the time-of-flight of the ultrasonic waves, the sensor can determine the distance between the sensor and the target plate.
Target plates are commonly used in applications where it is not possible to sense the object directly, such as in the case of transparent or dark-colored objects. They are also used to enhance the accuracy of the sensor’s measurement by providing a more reflective surface for the ultrasonic waves to bounce off.
Terminal Compartment
A terminal compartment is a designated space within an ultrasonic sensor that houses the connection terminals for wiring. It is designed to provide a secure and safe environment for connecting wires and cables, protecting them from external factors that could cause damage or interference.
Terminal compartments typically have removable covers or doors that allow for easy access to the terminals and wiring, and they are often sealed to prevent moisture or dust from entering the compartment. The design of the terminal compartment can vary depending on the specific model and application of the ultrasonic sensor, but it is a critical component that ensures proper electrical connectivity and signal transmission.
Threshold
Threshold refers to a specific value or point used to determine whether a system or device is triggered to perform a particular action or function. In the context of ultrasonic sensors, the threshold is the minimum or maximum distance between the sensor and an object that must be met for the sensor to detect the object and produce an output signal.
The threshold value can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the application and can be set using various methods such as potentiometers or software programming. The threshold is an important parameter in ensuring accurate and reliable sensing and control in many industrial automation applications.
Thyristor Output
Thyristor output is a type of output signal from an ultrasonic sensor that is designed to control the power to a connected device, such as a motor or heater. A thyristor is a type of semiconductor device that can be used as a switch to control the flow of electrical current.
In an ultrasonic sensor with thyristor output, the thyristor is used to switch the power to a connected device on and off, based on the input received from the sensor. This type of output is often used in industrial applications where precise control of power to connected devices is required.
Time Delay before Availability
Time delay before availability refers to the time it takes for an ultrasonic sensor to be ready to sense after it is powered on or reset. This delay can vary depending on the specific sensor and can range from a few milliseconds to a few seconds. It is important to consider this delay in applications where fast response times are critical, as it can impact the sensor’s overall performance.
Time-of-flight
Time-of-flight (ToF) is the measurement of the time it takes for a signal to travel from a source to a target and back. In ultrasonic sensors, the time-of-flight measurement is used to determine the distance between the sensor and the target object.
The sensor emits an ultrasonic signal, which travels to the target and is reflected back to the sensor. The time it takes for the signal to travel to the target and back is measured, and this time is used to calculate the distance between the sensor and the target. Time-of-flight is a common method used in many different types of sensors, including ultrasonic sensors, LiDAR, and radar.
Transducer
An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical waves in the form of ultrasonic waves, and vice versa. It is used to emit and receive ultrasonic waves to measure distance or detect objects.
Ultrasonic transducers are commonly used in industrial, medical, and automotive applications. They are made up of a piezoelectric material that vibrates when an electric field is applied to it, generating ultrasonic waves. These waves can then be reflected off objects and detected by the same or a different transducer, allowing for distance measurement or object detection.
Transducer Frequency
Transducer frequency refers to the frequency at which the ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves. The transducer is the component of the ultrasonic sensor responsible for generating and receiving sound waves. The frequency at which the transducer operates affects the sensing range and resolution of the sensor.
High-frequency transducers are typically used for short-range sensing applications, while lower frequencies are used for longer-range sensing. The transducer frequency is also important when considering the types of materials that can be detected by the sensor. Different materials absorb sound waves at different frequencies, and the transducer frequency must be selected accordingly to ensure accurate detection.
Trigger
In the context of ultrasonic sensors, a trigger refers to the signal or command that initiates the transmission of ultrasonic waves from the sensor’s transducer. The trigger is typically an electrical pulse that is sent to the transducer, causing it to emit a short burst of ultrasonic waves.
The waves then travel through the air or other medium and bounce off of an object, reflecting back to the sensor’s receiver. The time it takes for the waves to travel to the object and back is used to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object. A trigger is an important aspect of ultrasonic sensing, as it enables the sensor to detect the presence and distance of objects in its environment.
U
UL Approval
UL Approval is a certification issued by Underwriters Laboratories, an independent safety science company that tests and certifies products for safety and compliance with industry standards. The UL mark on a product indicates that it has been rigorously tested and meets safety standards for use in the United States and Canada.
Products that have UL Approval have undergone extensive testing to ensure that they do not pose any fire, electrical, or other safety hazards to users. This certification is particularly important for electronic products, including ultrasonic sensors, as they can pose a risk if not properly designed and manufactured.
Ultrasonic Waves
Ultrasonic waves are high-frequency sound waves with frequencies above the range of human hearing, typically above 20 kHz. These waves are used in various applications, including medical imaging, industrial testing, and distance measurement. In ultrasonic sensors, a transducer emits high-frequency sound waves that travel through the air and reflect off an object.
The reflected waves are detected by the same or a different transducer, and the time delay between transmission and reception is used to calculate the distance to the object. Ultrasonic waves are also used in cleaning, welding, and cutting processes, as well as in non-destructive testing of materials.
V
Vibration Resistance
Vibration resistance is a measure of how well an ultrasonic sensor can withstand vibrations and shocks. Ultrasonic sensors are often used in industrial applications where machinery and equipment produce vibrations that can affect sensor performance.
Vibration resistance is an important consideration when selecting an ultrasonic sensor for such applications. High vibration resistance ensures that the sensor is durable and reliable in harsh environments. Manufacturers often test their ultrasonic sensors to ensure they can withstand vibrations and shocks up to a certain level. This helps customers select the right sensor for their specific application needs.
Conclusion
Understanding the various terminologies related to ultrasonic sensors is crucial for students, engineers, and managers alike. These terms, such as different output types, ambient temperature, and amplifiers, help individuals select the right sensor for specific applications and ensure optimal performance.
Ultrasonic sensors offer a range of output options, including analog, digital, and various transistor outputs, each with unique advantages and limitations. Considering factors like ambient temperature, noise susceptibility, and signal amplification helps in making informed decisions when designing and implementing ultrasonic sensor systems, leading to reliable and accurate results in various applications.